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Information scrambling in quantum circuits.

Xiao Mi1, Pedram Roushan1, Chris Quintana1

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Researchers experimentally studied quantum scrambling on a 53-qubit quantum processor. They observed operator spreading and entanglement, finding entanglement requires significant classical resources to simulate, unlike spreading.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Computing
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Quantum information spreads through interactions in quantum systems, a process called quantum scrambling.
  • Understanding quantum scrambling is crucial for addressing fundamental questions in physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the dynamics of quantum scrambling using out-of-time-order correlators.
  • To distinguish and observe the signatures of operator spreading and operator entanglement in quantum circuits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 53-qubit quantum processor to measure time-dependent evolution and fluctuations of out-of-time-order correlators.
  • Engineered specific quantum circuits to differentiate between operator spreading and operator entanglement dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Experimentally observed distinct signatures for operator spreading and operator entanglement.
  • Demonstrated that operator spreading can be efficiently modeled classically.
  • Showcased that simulating operator entanglement in idealized circuits necessitates exponentially scaled classical computational resources.

Conclusions:

  • The experimental investigation provides insights into the complex dynamics of quantum scrambling.
  • Findings highlight the computational challenges associated with simulating quantum entanglement.
  • Paves the way for utilizing near-term quantum processors to study complex physical observables.