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Spatially patterned bi-electrode epiretinal stimulation for axon avoidance at cellular resolution.

Ramandeep S Vilkhu1, Sasidhar S Madugula2, Lauren E Grosberg2

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|October 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates a new bi-electrode stimulation method for epiretinal prostheses. This technique improves selective activation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), enhancing artificial vision quality by minimizing unwanted axon stimulation.

Keywords:
axon activationcellular resolutionepiretinal prosthesisretinal electrophysiologyretinal ganglion cellsspatially-patterned stimulation strategy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Epiretinal prostheses aim to restore vision in photoreceptor degenerative diseases by stimulating retinal ganglion cells (RGCs).
  • Current stimulation methods can lead to non-focal visual percepts due to inadvertent RGC axon activation, limiting artificial vision fidelity.
  • Theoretical models suggest minimizing the second spatial derivative of extracellular voltage can avoid axon activation, but experimental validation at the single-cell level is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally verify if a bi-electrode stimulation strategy can selectively activate RGC somas while avoiding axon activation at the single-cell level.
  • To compare the effectiveness of bi-electrode stimulation against traditional single-electrode stimulation in macaque retinas ex vivo.
  • To assess the potential of this approach for improving the quality of artificial vision.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a custom 512-electrode multi-electrode array (10μm diameter, 60μm pitch) for stimulating and recording from RGCs in macaque retina ex vivo.
  • Employed single-cell, single-spike resolution to compare RGC activation thresholds.
  • Compared bi-electrode stimulation (bipolar currents through two electrodes straddling an axon) with traditional single-electrode stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Bi-electrode stimulation significantly reduced somatic activation thresholds by approximately 21% on average across three retinal preparations.
  • Axonal activation thresholds were increased by approximately 14% with the bi-electrode strategy, favoring selective somatic activation.
  • Demonstrated instances of selective soma activation that were not achievable with single-electrode stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • The bi-electrode epiretinal stimulation strategy effectively promotes selective somatic activation of RGCs.
  • This method shows promise in reducing inadvertent axonal activation at the cellular level.
  • The findings support the potential for this technique to enhance the fidelity of artificial vision for individuals with blindness.