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Related Concept Videos

Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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Introduction to Virus01:28

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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting
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Adeno-associated virus (AAV) cell entry: structural insights.

Nancy L Meyer1, Michael S Chapman2

  • 1Pacific Northwest Cryo-EM Center, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, OR, USA.

Trends in Microbiology
|October 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy vectors require improved efficiency and specificity. Understanding virus-host interactions via cryo-EM reveals molecular details for better vector design and immune neutralization strategies.

Keywords:
AAVRantibodyattachmentgene therapyglycanreceptor

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Structural biology
  • Gene therapy

Background:

  • Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a key vector for inherited disease treatments.
  • Enhanced transduction efficiency and cellular specificity are crucial for broader clinical use.
  • Understanding AAV-host interactions is vital for improving gene therapy vectors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate AAV cell entry mechanisms.
  • Elucidate virus-host molecular interactions.
  • Provide structural insights for improved AAV vector design.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput screening for host proteins.
  • Molecular studies of virus-host interactions.
  • Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified complex host protein interactions.
  • Revealed serotype-specific binding and entry pathways.
  • Determined structural details of AAV-host complexes.

Conclusions:

  • AAV entry involves distinct glycan attachment and receptor-mediated trafficking steps.
  • Structural insights inform immune neutralization and vector design.
  • Cryo-EM advances understanding of AAV entry for gene therapy applications.