Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures
Fractures: Bone Repair
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

In Vivo Mouse Model of Spinal Implant Infection
Published on: June 23, 2020
Margaret E Cooke1, Paul Tornetta2, Reza Firoozabadi3
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
Infection after open ankle fractures is common, affecting 15% of patients. Male sex, diabetes, smoking, and delayed wound closure increase infection risk, leading to poorer outcomes.
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