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Scientific rationale for developing potent RBD-based vaccines targeting COVID-19.

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Receptor-binding domain (RBD) vaccines offer a promising, affordable alternative to full-length Spike (S) protein vaccines for COVID-19. Data suggests RBD-based vaccines are non-inferior, providing crucial protection against variants.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Global COVID-19 vaccination faces supply challenges, necessitating affordable, high-volume vaccine solutions.
  • Full-length Spike (S) protein vaccines are available, but demand outstrips supply, particularly for low- and middle-income countries.
  • The efficacy of Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD)-based vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants remains a key consideration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting the use of RBD as a sole vaccine immunogen.
  • To assess the non-inferiority of RBD-based vaccines compared to full-length S-protein vaccines.
  • To evaluate the potential of RBD-based vaccines for broad protection against sarbecoviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing data on humoral and cellular immune responses.
  • Comparison of immune responses elicited by RBD-based versus full-length S-protein vaccines.
  • Analysis of vaccine efficacy against the prototype SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants.

Main Results:

  • RBD elicits neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), a key biomarker for protection.
  • RBD-based vaccines demonstrate high-yielding production potential for affordable, stable doses.
  • RBD focuses the immune response on cross-protective determinants, relevant for pan-sarbecovirus vaccine development.

Conclusions:

  • RBD is a viable and potentially superior immunogen for COVID-19 vaccines.
  • RBD-based vaccines show non-inferiority to full-length S-protein vaccines regarding immune responses.
  • RBD holds promise for developing next-generation vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants and other sarbecoviruses.