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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

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Exceeding expectations after perinatal risks for poor development: associations in term- and preterm-born

Mary Lauren Neel1,2, Aryanne de Silva3, H Gerry Taylor4,3

  • 1Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. MaryLauren.Neel@nationwidechildrens.org.

Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association
|October 29, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Parental authoritarian parenting styles were linked to better cognitive and motor outcomes in preschoolers with perinatal risks. This structure may support positive adaptation despite prematurity or other birth complications.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Perinatal Medicine
  • Child Development

Background:

  • Children born with perinatal risk factors, including varying gestational ages (GA) and complications, often face developmental challenges.
  • Predicting cognitive and motor outcomes in these vulnerable children remains a critical area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify parenting and social characteristics associated with superior cognitive and motor development in preschoolers.
  • To investigate these factors in children with similar levels of perinatal biological risk.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective cohort study followed 87 children at four years of age, with a median GA of 29 weeks.
  • Assessments included cognitive (Differential Ability Scales) and motor (Movement Assessment Battery) evaluations, alongside parenting styles and social risk scores.
  • Regression models determined perinatal risk scores, and mixed-effect regressions analyzed associations between positive adaptation and parenting/social factors.

Main Results:

  • Perinatal risk scores accounted for 21-53% of the variability in outcomes.
  • Children across all gestational ages demonstrated positive adaptation.
  • Higher scores in authoritarian parenting were significantly associated with better-than-expected cognitive and motor outcomes (OR 1.17, p=0.0002).

Conclusions:

  • Parental structure, specifically authoritarian parenting, may foster positive adaptation in preschool-aged children with perinatal risk factors.
  • These findings suggest that structured parenting can mitigate risks associated with prematurity and other perinatal complications.
Abstract

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