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Acral manifestations associated with infection.

Quentin Jordens1,2, Hannelore De Maeseneer1, Charlotte De Crem1,3

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Summary

Acral lesions in children can indicate infections. This review covers viral, bacterial, and fungal causes, aiding in diagnosis and treatment of these often-overlooked symptoms.

Keywords:
acral skin lesionshand-foot syndromeimmune system diseasesinfection- bacterialinfection- fungalinfection- viralskin signs of systemic disease

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Acral lesions are common physical findings in pediatric infectious diseases.
  • These lesions are often overlooked but crucial for diagnosing underlying conditions.
  • A comprehensive review of infectious etiologies for childhood acral lesions is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of infectious causes of acral lesions in children.
  • To discuss the clinical presentation, evolution, and management of these lesions.
  • To be the first review to cover viral, bacterial, and mycotic causes of acral lesions in childhood.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of infectious diseases presenting with acral lesions in pediatric populations.
  • Synthesis of information on clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies.
  • Categorization of causes into viral, bacterial, and mycotic origins.

Main Results:

  • Identified a range of viral (e.g., hand, foot, and mouth disease), bacterial (e.g., secondary syphilis), and mycotic (e.g., invasive candidiasis) etiologies.
  • Detailed the typical presentation and progression of these infectious acral lesions.
  • Outlined evidence-based treatment recommendations for each category of infection.

Conclusions:

  • Infectious agents are significant causes of acral lesions in children.
  • Recognizing characteristic acral lesions aids in timely diagnosis and appropriate management.
  • This review consolidates knowledge on viral, bacterial, and fungal causes, offering a valuable resource for clinicians.