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Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
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Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...

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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Published on: September 7, 2022

Multisensory temporal processing in early deaf.

Simon Whitton¹, Jung Min Kim¹, Alexandra N Scurry¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA.

Neuropsychologia

|October 29, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Early deaf individuals process multisensory timing similarly to hearing individuals. However, their brains show altered functional connectivity between visual, tactile, and auditory processing regions, suggesting experience shapes sensory integration.

Keywords:

Cross-modal plasticity Early deafness Multisensory temporal processing Superior temporal sulcus

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Last Updated: Oct 15, 2025

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Published on: March 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sensory processing
Auditory deprivation

Background:

Understanding multisensory temporal processing is crucial for navigating the environment.
Early deaf (ED) individuals exhibit enhanced visual spatial and motion detection.
The impact of auditory deprivation on multisensory temporal processing and brain connectivity remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate multisensory (visuotactile) temporal processing in early deaf (ED) and normal hearing (NH) individuals.
To examine brain activity (BOLD responses) and functional connectivity (FC) differences between ED and NH groups during a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task.

Main Methods:

A temporal order judgment (TOJ) task was administered to assess visuotactile processing.
Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Functional connectivity (FC) was analyzed using the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) as seed regions.

Main Results:

Both ED and NH groups performed similarly on the visuotactile TOJ task.
ED individuals showed significantly greater bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) BOLD responses during the TOJ task.
FC analysis revealed stronger somatomotor and weaker visual connections with the pSTS in ED individuals compared to NH.

Conclusions:

Despite similar behavioral performance, early auditory deprivation alters brain functional connectivity related to multisensory temporal processing.
The findings suggest that the lack of auditory input may rebalance the functional connections of the pSTS with tactile and visual areas.
Experience-dependent plasticity shapes how the brain integrates sensory information over time.