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Updated: Oct 15, 2025
A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Dopamine and dopamine receptor D1 as a novel favourable biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma
Zhihui Wang1,2,3,4, Peihao Wen5,6,7,8, Bowen Hu5,6,7,8
1Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. wangzhihui1903@163.com.
Background:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most common malignant tumours worldwide. Therefore, the identification and development of sensitivity- genes as novel diagnostic markers and effective therapeutic targets is urgently needed. Dopamine and dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) are reported to be involved in the progression of various cancers. However, the crucial role of DRD1 in HCC malignant activities remains unclear.
Methods:
We enrolled 371 patients with liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to detect the expression and functions of DRD1. The Tumour Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), UALCAN database, Kaplan-Meier plotter, cBioPortal database, and LinkedOmics database were utilized for the systematic investigation of DRD1 expression and related clinical features, coexpressed genes, functional pathways, mutations, and immune infiltrates in HCC.
Results:
In this study, we determined that DRD1 expression was decreased in HCC tumour tissues versus normal tissues and that low DRD1 expression indicated a poor prognosis. The significance of DRD1 expression varied among different tumour samples. The somatic mutation frequency of DRD1 in the LIHC cohort was 0.3%. The biological functions of DRD1 were detected and validated, and DRD1 was shown to be involved in various functional activities, including metabolism, oxidation, mitochondrial matrix-related processes and other related signaling pathways. In addition, out study indicated that DRD1 had significant correlations with the infiltration of macrophages, B cells and CD+ T cells in HCC.
Conclusions:
These findings demonstrated the rationality of the potential application of DRD1 function as a novel biomarker for HCC diagnosis and a therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
