Relationship between gut microbiome diversity and hepatitis B viral load in patients with chronic hepatitis B

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with a reduced risk of developing dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Given that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in cholesterol metabolism, we compared the differences in gut microbial diversity and composition between HBV-infected and uninfected subjects.

A prospective case-control study was designed comprising healthy controls (group A) and HBV-infected individuals (group B) in a 1:1 ratio (57 participants each; total = 114). The patients in group B were divided into two subgroups according to their HBV DNA loads: B1 < 2000 IU/mL (N = 40) and B2 ≥ 2000 IU/mL (N = 17). In a pairwise comparison of HBV-infected individuals and controls, higher alpha diversity was noted in group B, and the difference was significant only in patients in group B1. Alloprevotella and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes were predominant in group B1 compared to the control, whereas the abundance of Bacteroides fragilis and Prevotella 2 was lower.

The gut microbiome in HBV-infected individuals with a low viral load is highly diverse and is dominated by specific taxa involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a correlation between the presence of certain bacterial taxa and chronic HBV infection depending on the load of HBV DNA.