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Related Concept Videos

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IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

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Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
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Nitrogen Cavitation and Differential Centrifugation Allows for Monitoring the Distribution of Peripheral Membrane Proteins in Cultured Cells
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RNAPhaSep: a resource of RNAs undergoing phase separation.

Haibo Zhu1,2, Hao Fu1,2, Tianyu Cui3

  • 1Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.

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|October 31, 2021
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Summary

This study introduces RNAPhaSep, a database detailing RNA liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). It highlights RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is crucial for cellular organization, forming membraneless organelles.
  • Research has primarily focused on protein involvement in LLPS, particularly RNA-binding proteins.
  • Emerging evidence shows RNAs can act as scaffolds, initiating or nucleating phase separation events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate and provide access to dispersed knowledge on RNA-mediated LLPS.
  • To introduce RNAPhaSep, a manually curated database of RNAs involved in LLPS.
  • To facilitate research into the relationship between RNA properties and phase behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Manual curation of published literature on RNA phase separation.
  • Inclusion of experimentally validated RNA self-assembly and RNA-protein co-phase separation events.
  • Integration of RNA, protein, and experimental data with annotations from multiple databases.

Main Results:

  • The RNAPhaSep database contains 1113 curated entries.
  • Entries detail RNA information, protein partners, and phase separation experimental conditions.
  • Data includes validated RNA self-assembly and RNA-protein co-involved phase separation.

Conclusions:

  • RNAPhaSep serves as a valuable resource for studying RNA's role in LLPS.
  • The database can enhance understanding of LLPS in cellular functions and diseases.
  • It supports exploration of the link between RNA characteristics and phase separation phenomena.