Enabling Magnesium Anodes by Tuning the Electrode/Electrolyte Interfacial Structure

A new deposition mechanism is presented in this study to achieve highly reversible plating and stripping of magnesium (Mg) anodes for Mg-ion batteries. It is known that the reduction of electrolyte anions such as bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI^-) causes Mg surface passivation, resulting in poor electrochemical performance for Mg-ion batteries. We reveal that the addition of sodium cations (Na⁺) in Mg-ion electrolytes can fundamentally alter the interfacial chemistry and structure at the Mg anode surface. The molecular dynamics simulation suggests that Na⁺ cations contribute to a significant population in the interfacial double layer so that TFSI^- anions are excluded from the immediate interface adjacent to the Mg anode. As a result, the TFSI^- decomposition is largely suppressed so does the formation of passivation layers at the Mg surface. This mechanism is supported by our electrochemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic analyses. The resultant Mg deposition demonstrates smooth surface morphology and lowered overpotential compared to the pure Mg(TFSI)₂ electrolyte.