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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Bacterial protein maturation is a tightly regulated process that ensures newly synthesized polypeptides achieve correct functional conformations. This maturation involves a series of modifications, folding events, and quality control steps, often assisted by specialized chaperone proteins.N-Terminal ModificationsThe maturation of bacterial polypeptides begins cotranslationally as the polypeptide exits the ribosome. The first amino acid, N-formylmethionine (fMet), is typically modified at the...
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Transcription complexes as RNA chaperones.

Nelly Said1, Markus C Wahl1,2

  • 1Freie Universität Berlin, Department Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany.

Transcription
|November 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcription complexes act as RNA chaperones, guiding RNA folding during transcription. This function, supported by RNA polymerase and transcription factors, is crucial for diverse biological processes in all organisms.

Keywords:
Co-transcriptional RNA foldingRNA chaperonecryoEMsingle-molecule fluorescencetranscription factor

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RNA molecules fold into complex structures essential for their biological functions.
  • Co-transcriptional RNA folding, coupled with transcription, regulates gene expression and RNA processing.
  • The role of the transcription machinery in RNA folding has been historically underestimated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of bacterial transcription complexes as RNA chaperones.
  • To highlight how RNA polymerase and transcription factors influence co-transcriptional RNA folding.
  • To discuss recent findings supporting the chaperone activity of transcription complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analyses of bacterial transcription complexes.
  • Structure-guided functional studies.
  • Review of recent literature on co-transcriptional RNA folding.

Main Results:

  • Transcription complexes, including RNA polymerase and transcription factors, actively support co-transcriptional RNA folding.
  • These complexes can foster or prevent specific RNA-RNA contacts during nascent transcript synthesis.
  • Evidence suggests transcription complexes function as RNA chaperones, a concept proposed decades ago.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial transcription complexes play a significant role in guiding RNA folding during transcription.
  • The chaperone activity of transcription machinery is a key regulatory principle in gene expression.
  • Further research into transcription complexes as RNA chaperones can reveal novel regulatory mechanisms.