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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Olfactory Dysfunction in Huntington's Disease.

Jorge Patino1,2, Nicholas E Karagas3, Shivika Chandra3,1,2

  • 1Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.

Journal of Huntington'S Disease
|November 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory dysfunction is common in neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington's disease (HD). This review explores olfactory changes in HD, noting progressive decline and lack of specific treatments.

Keywords:
Huntington’s diseaseneurodegenerative diseasesolfaction disorderssmell

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a frequent symptom in neurodegenerative disorders, impacting quality of life.
  • Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with poorly understood olfactory characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiology of olfaction.
  • To explore the role of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegeneration.
  • To characterize olfactory impairment in patients with Huntington's disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on olfaction and Huntington's disease.
  • Analysis of prevalence data and diagnostic scales for olfactory dysfunction.
  • Examination of neuropathological findings in the olfactory bulb of HD patients.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory dysfunction prevalence in the general population is 3.8-5.8%, increasing with age.
  • Prevalence data for HD is scarce, with inconsistent or modified assessment scales.
  • Pathogenic huntingtin is found in the olfactory bulb of HD individuals, but correlation with impairment grade is unstudied.
  • Olfactory deficits are present in both premanifest and manifest HD, worsening with disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a progressive characteristic of Huntington's disease, present from early stages.
  • Current therapeutic strategies focus on avoiding causative medications and general safety measures.
  • Further research is needed to correlate neuropathology with olfactory deficits and develop targeted treatments.