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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Directed Assembly of Elastin-like Proteins into defined Supramolecular Structures and Cargo Encapsulation In Vitro
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Active cargo loading into extracellular vesicles: Highlights the heterogeneous encapsulation behaviour.

Chaoxiang Chen1, Mengdi Sun1, Jialin Wang1

  • 1Department of Biological Engineering, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Extracellular Vesicles
|November 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new Sonication and Extrusion-assisted Active Loading (SEAL) method significantly enhances drug encapsulation in extracellular vesicles (EVs). This approach improves drug delivery systems by overcoming EV heterogeneity and increasing loading efficiency for chemotherapeutics.

Keywords:
active cargo loadingextracellular vesiclesheterogeneitynano-flow cytometrysingle particle analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise as nanocarriers for drug delivery.
  • Current methods struggle with low cargo encapsulation efficiency, especially for hydrophilic drugs.
  • EV heterogeneity complicates the evaluation of drug loading.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an effective method for stable drug encapsulation in EVs.
  • To improve cargo loading efficiency for hydrophilic chemotherapeutic drugs.
  • To address the challenge of EV heterogeneity in drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Developed Sonication and Extrusion-assisted Active Loading (SEAL) method.
  • Utilized sonication for membrane permeabilization and ammonium sulfate gradient for active loading.
  • Employed extrusion for particle size homogenization and reshaping.
  • Applied nano-flow cytometry for single-particle analysis of drug encapsulation.

Main Results:

  • SEAL achieved approximately 10-fold higher drug encapsulation efficiency compared to passive loading.
  • Nano-flow cytometry revealed heterogeneous drug encapsulation behavior in EVs.
  • Identified that only lipid-enclosed particles were actively loadable.
  • Demonstrated that casein-positive particles were largely doxorubicin-free.

Conclusions:

  • SEAL is an effective method for enhancing drug encapsulation in EVs.
  • Single-particle analysis is crucial for understanding EV encapsulation heterogeneity.
  • Selective removal of non-lipid and casein contaminants improves therapeutic outcomes.
  • The developed methods offer insights for advancing EV-based drug delivery systems.