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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

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Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Immunogold Electron Microscopy01:20

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Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.
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A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions
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Aggregation versus Biological Activity in Gold(I) Complexes. An Unexplored Concept.

Andrea Pinto1,2, Catarina Roma-Rodrigues3,4, Jas S Ward5

  • 1Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.

Inorganic Chemistry
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Summary

Gold(I) complexes aggregate before cell entry, acting as aggregates. Mononuclear complexes target the cytosol, while dinuclear ones interact with nuclei and cytoskeleton, showing potential cooperative effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Previously studied biological activity of mono- and dinuclear gold(I) complexes.
  • Importance of understanding cellular uptake mechanisms for drug development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the aggregation process of gold(I) complexes.
  • To determine how these complexes enter cells.
  • To investigate the cellular localization and effects of mono- and dinuclear gold(I) complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Absorption, emission, and NMR spectroscopy.
  • Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).
  • Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).

Main Results:

  • All gold(I) complexes exhibit aggregation in solution prior to biological treatment.
  • Complexes enter cells as pre-formed aggregates.
  • Mononuclear complexes localize in the cytosolic fraction.
  • Dinuclear complexes are found in fractions containing nuclei and cytoskeleton.
  • Dinuclear complex 8 significantly affects actin aggregation, suggesting cooperative action.

Conclusions:

  • Gold(I) complexes with 4-ethynylaniline ligands form aggregates that mediate cellular uptake.
  • Cellular localization differs between mononuclear and dinuclear complexes.
  • Dinuclear gold(I) complexes may exert cooperative effects on cellular structures like actin.