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Related Concept Videos

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions01:24

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions

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Intermittent intravenous (IV) infusion is a method of drug administration where medications are delivered over short infusion periods followed by intervals of no drug delivery. This approach helps to prevent sustained high drug concentrations in the bloodstream, reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with prolonged exposure. Unlike continuous infusion, steady-state concentrations may not be achieved during a single dosing cycle but can be reached through repeated...
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One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance00:56

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance

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Clearance is a key pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the volume of body fluid from which a drug is entirely removed within a specific time frame. It is crucial in assessing how a drug is eliminated from the body and has critical clinical applications.
In the one-compartment open model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, clearance is estimated by dividing the elimination rate by the plasma drug concentration. This equation leverages the elimination rate constant and the apparent...
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Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections01:21

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections

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Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
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One-Compartment Model: IV Infusion01:09

One-Compartment Model: IV Infusion

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Intravenous (IV) infusion is often utilized when continuous and controlled drug delivery is necessary, such as during surgery or in the treatment of chronic diseases. This method offers numerous advantages, including immediate drug action, precise control over dosage, and bypassing the first-pass metabolism.
The one-compartment model for IV infusion uses mathematical equations to describe the rate of change in drug quantity in the body. At steady-state or infusion equilibrium, the drug input...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion01:15

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion

365
A two-compartment model is a vital tool in pharmacokinetics, providing an essential understanding of drug behavior, especially for those administered via zero-order intravenous infusion. This model outlines two compartments: the central compartment, where elimination occurs, and the peripheral compartment.
The model illustrates the decrease in plasma drug concentration from the central compartment with a specific equation. It shows that under steady-state conditions, the drug's input rate...
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One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution01:09

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution

559
The one-compartment open model is a simplified approach used in pharmacokinetics to understand the distribution and elimination of a drug administered through an intravenous bolus. This model assumes rapid drug dispersal throughout the body and elimination using a first-order process. Key pharmacokinetic parameters, such as the elimination rate constant (k), half-life (t1/2), and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd), can be estimated from this model. The elimination rate is calculated...
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A Continuous Observation Workflow Time Study to Assess Intravenous Push Waste.

John Hertig1, Kaitlyn Jarrell2, Prachi Arora1

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Hospital Pharmacy
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Controlled substance waste, including fentanyl, hydromorphone, and morphine, incurs significant financial and workforce costs in hospitals. Optimizing medication packaging and availability can reduce this burden.

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Area of Science:

  • Health Economics
  • Pharmacy Practice
  • Nursing Administration

Background:

  • Controlled substance disposal, management, and compliance incur substantial costs.
  • High abuse potential of fentanyl, hydromorphone, and morphine necessitates minimizing product waste and ensuring safe disposal procedures.
  • Understanding the financial and workforce impacts of drug waste in inpatient settings is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify waste associated with administering fentanyl, hydromorphone, and morphine via the intravenous push route.
  • To evaluate drug quantity (mg/µg) disposed and workforce time spent on waste disposal.
  • To assess the financial implications of controlled substance waste in hospital units.

Main Methods:

  • A workflow time study design, a subset of direct observation time motion studies, was employed.
  • A data collection tool captured medication type, waste amount, time stamps, total time, and interruptions at two sites.
  • Descriptive statistics were used to analyze collected data for each drug and grouped data.

Main Results:

  • A total of 669 waste observations were recorded over 15 days, with 207 mg of hydromorphone and 17,962.50 µg of fentanyl wasted.
  • Nursing staff time for waste disposal totaled 50,990 seconds (approximately 14.16 hours).
  • Combined product and workforce waste was estimated at $1605.39 for the study period, with a yearly extrapolation of $35,425 for four units.

Conclusions:

  • Significant financial costs are associated with both the product waste and the workforce time spent on controlled substance disposal.
  • Optimizing product size and matching availability with common usage patterns can reduce the financial burden on healthcare systems.
  • Implementing strategies to minimize waste can lead to substantial cost savings and improved resource allocation in hospitals.