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Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: June 17, 2008

Distinct Mitochondrial Remodeling During Mesoderm Differentiation in a Human-Based Stem Cell Model.

Sepideh Mostafavi¹, Novin Balafkan^1,2,3, Ina Katrine Nitschke Pettersen⁴

¹Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

|November 1, 2021

Summary

Mitochondrial remodeling during stem cell differentiation is crucial for cell fate. This study shows mitochondrial content decreases during mesoderm differentiation, contrary to expectations, highlighting lineage-specific metabolic adaptations.

Keywords:

OXPHOS cardiomyocyte development metabolism mitochondria stem cells

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Last Updated: Oct 14, 2025

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Published on: June 17, 2008

Stencil Micropatterning of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Probing Spatial Organization of Differentiation Fates

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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Multiple Mitochondrial Parameters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Neural and Glial Derivatives

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Multiple Mitochondrial Parameters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Neural and Glial Derivatives

Published on: November 8, 2021

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Developmental Biology
Metabolic Regulation

Background:

Stem cell pluripotency and differentiation are regulated by metabolic shifts, particularly from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS).
The metabolic switch during germ layer specification is thought to be lineage-specific, with differing roles of glycolysis and OXPHOS.
Understanding mitochondrial adaptation during differentiation is key to stem cell applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate mitochondrial remodeling and adaptation during human pluripotent stem cell differentiation into mesodermal lineages, specifically cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes.
To clarify the relationship between mitochondrial content, activity, and respiration during mesodermal differentiation.

Main Methods:

Human pluripotent stem cells were differentiated into cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes.
Mitochondrial content, activity, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity were assessed throughout the differentiation process.

Main Results:

Mitochondrial content progressively decreased during mesoderm differentiation into cardiac cells.
Despite reduced mitochondrial content, mitochondrial activity and ATP-linked respiration increased.
This contrasts with findings in neuronal differentiation, indicating lineage-specific mitochondrial remodeling.

Conclusions:

Mitochondrial remodeling during the transition from pluripotent to multipotent states shows similarities across ectodermal and mesodermal lineages.
Further differentiation into specific cell types involves distinct, cell-lineage-specific mitochondrial adaptations.
Increased OXPHOS activity during differentiation does not necessitate an increase in mitochondrial content.