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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vitro Co-Culture Model for Studying Microglia-Neuronal Interactions in Disease Conditions

Author Spotlight: In Vitro Co-Culture Model for Studying Microglia-Neuronal Interactions in Disease Conditions

Published on: July 26, 2024

Powering up microbiome-microglia interactions.

Caoimhe M K Lynch¹, Gerard Clarke², John F Cryan¹

¹APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

Cell Metabolism

|November 3, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microbiota influence the immune system, but how they control microglia maturation is unclear. Researchers found acetate, a molecule from gut microbes, is key to microglial function in health and disease.

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Last Updated: Oct 14, 2025

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Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Published on: August 9, 2013

Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology
Microbiology
Metabolic pathways

Background:

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating the host immune system.
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, are increasingly recognized for their involvement in neurological health and disease.
The specific mechanisms by which microbial communities influence microglial development and function are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the mechanisms by which the microbiota regulates microglial maturation and function.
To identify specific microbial metabolites that mediate the interaction between the gut microbiota and microglia.
To investigate the role of these metabolites in both physiological and pathological conditions.

Main Methods:

Utilized germ-free and antibiotic-treated mouse models to assess the impact of microbiota depletion.
Employed metabolomic analysis to identify microbial-derived molecules in the host.
Investigated the effects of identified metabolites on microglial cell cultures and in vivo models.
Assessed microglial metabolic pathways, gene expression, and functional responses.

Main Results:

Acetate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria, was identified as a critical microbiota-derived molecule.
Acetate directly influences microglial metabolic pathways, promoting their maturation and function.
Depletion of microbiota or acetate led to impaired microglial function and altered immune responses.
Acetate's role was demonstrated in both healthy homeostasis and disease models, highlighting its broad significance.

Conclusions:

Acetate is an essential mediator of microbiota-host interactions, specifically controlling microglial maturation and function.
Targeting microbial acetate production or signaling represents a potential therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders.
This study provides a mechanistic link between the gut microbiome and neuroinflammation.