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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

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Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
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Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of β-Receptor Blockers01:27

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β-receptor blockers significantly impact the cardiovascular system by counteracting catecholamine-induced sympathetic responses. These medications decrease heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, potentially leading to cardiac depression, life-threatening bradycardia, and death. Therapeutically, β-blockers function as mild antihypertensives and are utilized in treating angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias. However, nonselective β-blockers inhibit β2-receptors in...
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β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation,...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Thyroid Hormone Plays an Important Role in Cardiac Function: From Bench to Bedside.

Hiroyuki Yamakawa1,2, Tomoko S Kato3, Jaeduk Yoshimura Noh4

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Frontiers in Physiology
|November 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormones (THs) impact heart function through genomic and non-genomic pathways, influencing heart rate, contractility, and vascular resistance. This review covers THs

Keywords:
amiodaronecardiac regenerationcardiovascular diseasegenomic pathwayshyperthyroidismhypothyroidismnon-genomic pathwaysthyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (THs) are crucial regulators of cellular and organ function.
  • THs significantly influence the cardiovascular system, affecting heart rate, contractility, and vascular resistance.
  • Both genomic and non-genomic pathways mediate the cardiovascular effects of THs on cardiomyocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of thyroid hormone actions on cardiac function.
  • To summarize clinical manifestations and hemodynamic parameters in thyroid dysfunction-associated heart disease.
  • To discuss treatment principles and drug-induced thyroid dysfunction, focusing on amiodarone.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on thyroid hormone mechanisms in the cardiovascular system.
  • Analysis of clinical data and hemodynamic parameters in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients.
  • Examination of cardiovascular drugs affecting thyroid function and amiodarone's mechanism of thyroid toxicity.

Main Results:

  • THs enhance cardiac contractility, heart rate, and systolic/diastolic function while decreasing systemic vascular resistance.
  • Thyroid dysfunction significantly impacts cardiovascular hemodynamics and clinical presentation.
  • Amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic agent, can induce thyroid dysfunction through specific mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormones play a vital role in cardiovascular regulation via distinct molecular pathways.
  • Understanding THs' cardiovascular effects is essential for managing hyperthyroid and hypothyroid heart disease.
  • Further research is needed on THs' role in myocardial regeneration and metabolism.