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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Osteoporosis Drug Treatment Update.

Lindomar Guimarães Oliveira1, Mara Lúcia Rassi Guimarães Carneiro1, Márcio Passini Gonçalves de Souza2

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Area of Science:

  • Geriatric Medicine and Orthopedics
  • Bone Metabolism and Disease

Background:

  • Aging Brazilian population experiencing increased chronic degenerative diseases.
  • Osteoporosis prevalence is rising, necessitating proactive management beyond fracture treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline essential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis.
  • To guide orthopedists and traumatologists in comprehensive osteoporosis care.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) for risk factor evaluation.
  • Recommending diagnostic tests: densitometry, radiography, blood/urine tests, and bone biopsy.
  • Detailing supplement (calcium, magnesium, vitamins D & K) and medication (antiresorptives, trainers) guidelines, including therapeutic windows and adverse events.

Main Results:

  • Established protocols for osteoporosis risk assessment and diagnosis.
  • Defined therapeutic approaches involving nutritional supplements and pharmacological agents.
  • Highlighted the importance of considering side effects and optimal drug usage.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive management of osteoporosis requires evaluating risk factors, utilizing diagnostic tests, and prescribing appropriate supplements and medications.
  • Orthopedic specialists must integrate medical management into their practice to address the growing burden of osteoporosis.