Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood
Published on: February 11, 2017
Measures of empathy in children and adolescents: A systematic review of questionnaires
Gianluca Sesso1, Giulio Emilio Brancati1, Pamela Fantozzi2
1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56100, Italy.
Background:
Empathy has long been considered a multidimensional construct, encompassing cognitive, affective and behavioral domains. Deficits in empathic competences in early childhood contribute to psychopathology, and have been variably implicated in several clinical conditions, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and conduct disorders.
Aim:
To identify and describe empirically validated questionnaires assessing empathy in children and adolescents and to provide a summary of related theoretical perspectives on empathy definitional issues.
Methods:
A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Three bibliographic databases were searched. A total of 47 studies were selected for final analysis and 16 distinct measures were identified and described.
Results:
Questionable to excellent levels of internal consistency were observed, while few studies assessed test-retest reliability. Although construct definitions only partially overlapped, affective and cognitive domains of empathy were the commonest internal factors that were often separately evaluated. New facets of the construct (i.e., somatic empathy and sympathy) and specific clinical populations (i.e., ASD) could be specifically addressed through more recent instruments.
Conclusion:
The combination of different assessment methods is recommended in order to foresee further improvements in this field and try to overcome the problem of limited convergence with more objective measures.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Empathy
Cognitive Development During Adolescence
Self-Report Tests of Personality
Socioemotional Development during Infancy
Primary Temperament Types
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

