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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating
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Solid-State Electrochemical Switch of Superconductor-Metal-Insulators.

Xi Zhang1, Gowoon Kim2, Qian Yang2

  • 1Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Kita, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers demonstrate a solid-state electrochemical method to control oxygen content in Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) films. This technique tunes electrical conductivity and the superconducting transition temperature (Tc), enabling new superconducting device applications.

Keywords:
YBa2Cu3O7−δelectrochemical redox reactionoxygen deficiencysuperconductor−metal−insulator transitionyttria-stabilized zirconia

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Transition metal oxides (TMOs) exhibit tunable electrical conductivity based on oxygen content.
  • Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) films show a superconductor-to-insulator transition modulated by oxygen deficiency (δ).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a solid-state electrochemical method for manipulating oxygen deficiency (δ) in YBCO films.
  • To demonstrate control over the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) and electrical conductivity of YBCO.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-state electrochemical redox treatment applied to YBCO films.
  • Modulation of oxygen deficiency (δ) via applied voltage (negative for injection, positive for suppression).

Main Results:

  • Successfully manipulated δ in YBCO films electrochemically.
  • Demonstrated tuning of superconducting transition temperature (Tc) by electrochemical means.
  • Achieved modulation of electrical conductivity from superconducting to insulating states.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-state electrochemical redox treatment provides an efficient pathway to control δ in YBCO.
  • Electrochemical modulation of the superconductor-metal-insulator transition in YBCO is feasible.
  • Opens possibilities for superconducting oxide-based device applications.