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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Wernicke Encephalopathy From Olfactory Dysfunction After COVID-19 Infection.

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A young girl developed Wernicke encephalopathy after COVID-19 infection due to poor oral intake. Prompt thiamine treatment led to significant neurological recovery, highlighting the need for early diagnosis of COVID-19 neurological complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a disease primarily affecting the respiratory system.
  • Neurological complications are increasingly recognized sequelae of COVID-19 infections.
  • Wernicke encephalopathy, a neurological condition, can arise secondary to nutritional deficiencies.

Observation:

  • A 15-year-old female experienced severe taste disturbances (dysgeusia) and loss of smell (anosmia) post-COVID-19.
  • This led to significant weight loss and an inability to tolerate oral intake.
  • She presented with neurological symptoms including gaze palsies, nystagmus, and ataxia.

Findings:

  • Low serum thiamine levels confirmed a diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy.
  • Brain MRI revealed characteristic changes in the periaqueductal gray and thalami.
  • Parenteral thiamine replacement resulted in substantial neurological improvement.

Implications:

  • COVID-19 can precipitate neurological conditions like Wernicke encephalopathy, particularly in cases with impaired nutrition.
  • Early clinical suspicion and prompt treatment are crucial for managing neurological complications of COVID-19.
  • Increased awareness and diagnostic vigilance are necessary as long-term neurological sequelae of the pandemic emerge.