Structure of the glycosaminoglycan domain in the type IX collagen-proteoglycan

Type IX collagen represents 5-20% of the total collagen in hyaline cartilage. The molecules of this collagen are composed of three genetically distinct polypeptide subunits. One of these subunits, alpha 2(IX), contains covalently bound glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate). We report here on the structure of the glycosaminoglycan attachment site of type IX collagen-proteoglycan. We show, by a combination of cDNA and peptide sequencing, that the attachment region contains the sequence Gly-Ser-Ala-Asp, located within the noncollagenous domain NC3 of the alpha 2(IX) chain. By comparing the exons encoding the NC3 domain in the alpha 2(IX) and alpha 1(IX) genes, we find that the exon coding for the glycosaminoglycan attachment site in the alpha 2(IX) gene is 48 base pairs long, whereas the homologous alpha 1(IX) exon is 33 base pairs. The NC3 domain is, therefore, five amino acid residues longer in alpha 2(IX) than in alpha 1(IX). The extra sequence in alpha 2(IX), Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Ala, provides a simple explanation for the kink observed at the NC3 domain of type IX molecules when examined by electron microscopy. The inserted block of amino acid residues also provides the NC3 domain of alpha 2(IX) chains with a serine residue, not present in alpha 1(IX) that serves as attachment site for a glycosaminoglycan side chain. Our data show that the amino acid sequence that surrounds the glycosylated serine residue in type IX collagen-proteoglycan differs from glycosylated sequences in noncollagenous core proteins. The data also provide strong evidence that glycosylation of type IX collagen is not a chance glycosylation of a serine residue in a noncollagenous domain, but is a specific post-translational modification of this unusual collagen molecule.