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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Education Policy
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The 2020-2021 school year presented unprecedented challenges for K-12 education due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • School districts faced complex decisions regarding the mode of learning: in-person, hybrid, or remote.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors influencing the decisions of K-12 school districts in providing in-person, hybrid, or remote learning during the 2020-2021 school year.
  • To examine the relationship between community COVID-19 rates and the chosen mode of learning.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective study analyzed school district learning modes against community COVID-19 incidence and positivity rates across five states (Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Wisconsin).
  • Data were collected at three key time points: September 15, November 15, 2020, and January 15, 2021.
  • Factors analyzed included community COVID-19 data, school/student demographics, and county size classification.

Main Results:

  • No significant relationship was observed between community COVID-19 rates and the mode of learning adopted by school districts.
  • School districts located in nonmetropolitan and small metropolitan counties were more likely to offer in-person learning.

Conclusions:

  • Community COVID-19 rates did not appear to be a primary driver for decisions on in-person learning.
  • Further research is needed to understand the factors influencing in-person learning decisions.
  • Standardizing school policies for applying national guidance to local contexts may reduce disparities during crises.