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The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Sound Source Localization Testing in Single-sided Deafness Following Bone Conduction Intervention

Sound Source Localization Testing in Single-sided Deafness Following Bone Conduction Intervention

Published on: December 20, 2024

Frequency Modulation System and Bone Conduction Hearing Aid: Electroacoustic Verification.

Elaine Cristina Moreto Paccola¹, Orozimbo Alves Costa Filho², Regina Tangerino Souza Jacob²

¹Division of Hearing Health, Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.

International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology

|November 5, 2021

Summary

A new protocol effectively verifies frequency modulation (FM) systems with bone conduction hearing aids (BCHA). This ensures clear audibility for BCHA users by achieving FM transparency.

Keywords:

hearing aids hearing loss microtia

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Last Updated: Oct 14, 2025

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Published on: October 11, 2024

Area of Science:

Audiology and Hearing Aid Technology
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

No established protocol exists for electroacoustic measurements and behavioral tests for frequency modulation (FM) systems in bone conduction hearing aid (BCHA) users.
Electroacoustic verification is crucial for achieving "FM transparency," ensuring users can clearly hear both FM transmitter and BCHA signals.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and validate a protocol for the electroacoustic verification of FM systems when coupled with BCHA.

Main Methods:

Twenty-four FM system and BCHA sets underwent electroacoustic verification.
Measurements were conducted using a hearing instrument analyzer, a receiver, and a 2cc coupler, simulating real-world listening conditions (65 dB SPL, ISTS).
The protocol involved measuring outputs from both the BCHA microphone and the FM system microphone to achieve "transparency," with adjustments to FM receiver gain as needed.

Main Results:

The proposed protocol successfully achieved transparency for all tested FM system and BCHA combinations.
In some instances, adjustments to the FM receiver gain beyond the manufacturer's default settings were necessary to achieve optimal transparency.

Conclusions:

The developed protocol is effective for electroacoustic verification of FM systems integrated with BCHA.
This validation supports improved audibility and fitting for BCHA users utilizing FM assistive listening devices.