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Related Concept Videos

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
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Torsion of Noncircular Members01:16

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Circular shafts undergoing torsional stress maintain their cross-sectional integrity due to their axisymmetric nature. This symmetry ensures an even distribution of stress, allowing the shaft to withstand torsion without distorting. In contrast, square bars, lacking this axial symmetry, experience significant distortion across their cross-sections when subjected to torsion, with the exception of along their diagonals and at lines connecting midpoints. A detailed examination of a cubic element...
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Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members01:23

Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members

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Thin-walled members with non-symmetrical cross-sections are vital to engineering structures, offering material efficiency and structural integrity. However, unsymmetrical loading on these members leads to complex stress distributions, resulting in simultaneous bending and twisting can cause deformation or structural failure. The interaction between bending and twisting requires detailed analysis to ensure structural resilience.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Is shoulder geometry important for rotator cuff tears?

Kerem Yilmazturk1,2, Murat Birinci3, Ersin Kuyucu4

  • 1Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.

International Journal of Clinical Practice
|November 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rotator cuff tears are associated with specific shoulder anatomy. Smaller lateral acromial angles (LAA) and larger critical shoulder angles (CSA) on MRI may indicate a higher risk of rotator cuff tears.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic imaging
  • Shoulder biomechanics
  • Rotator cuff pathology

Background:

  • Rotator cuff tears are a common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction.
  • Anatomic variations may predispose individuals to rotator cuff tears.
  • Understanding these variations can aid in diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate specific shoulder anatomic parameters in patients with rotator cuff tears.
  • Investigate the relationship between lateral acromial angle (LAA), acromial index (AI), coracohumeral distance (CHD), and critical shoulder angle (CSA) and rotator cuff tears.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 100 shoulder MRI scans (50 with rotator cuff tears, 50 controls).
  • Evaluation of LAA, AI, CHD, and CSA using magnetic resonance imaging.
  • Statistical comparison between patient and control groups.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in acromial index (AI) or coracohumeral distance (CHD) between groups.
  • Significant differences observed in lateral acromial angle (LAA) and critical shoulder angle (CSA) between patients and controls (P < .05).
  • A weak negative correlation was found between CSA and CHD.

Conclusions:

  • Smaller LAA and higher CSA values on MRI are associated with an increased propensity for rotator cuff tears.
  • These specific anatomic parameters may serve as indicators for rotator cuff tear risk.
  • Further research is warranted to explore the predictive value of these findings.