Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

30.4K
In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
30.4K
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

1.1K
A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
1.1K
Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

380
The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
380
Fermi Level01:18

Fermi Level

944
The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
At absolute zero temperature, electrons fill all energy states up to the Fermi level, leaving upper states empty. As the temperature rises,...
944
Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

16.0K
When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...
16.0K
Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

1.4K
Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Andreev Reflection in Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy of Unconventional Superconductors.

Physical review letters·2023
Same author

Anomalous Electromagnetic Field Penetration in a Weyl or Dirac Semimetal.

Physical review letters·2022
Same author

Axial Magnetoelectric Effect in Dirac Semimetals.

Physical review letters·2021
Same author

Acoustogalvanic Effect in Dirac and Weyl Semimetals.

Physical review letters·2020
Same author

Inter-node superconductivity in strained Weyl semimetals.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2018
Same author

Collective excitations in Weyl semimetals in the hydrodynamic regime.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

9.8K

Entropy Wave Instability in Dirac and Weyl Semimetals.

P O Sukhachov1, E V Gorbar2,3, I A Shovkovy4,5

  • 1Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|November 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Two hydrodynamic instabilities, Dyakonov-Shur and entropy wave, were found in relativisticlike systems. The entropy wave instability, linked to electron quasiparticles and energy currents, is tunable by system size and flow velocity.

More Related Videos

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations
13:56

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Published on: October 12, 2019

7.8K
Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

10.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

9.8K
Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations
13:56

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Published on: October 12, 2019

7.8K
Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

10.1K

Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Plasma physics
  • Fluid dynamics

Background:

  • Hydrodynamic instabilities are crucial in understanding electron transport in materials.
  • Relativisticlike systems exhibit unique quantum phenomena.
  • Dyakonov-Shur boundary conditions are essential for analyzing boundary effects in 2D electron systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze hydrodynamic instabilities in 2D and 3D relativisticlike systems under direct current.
  • To investigate the role of temperature boundary conditions in these instabilities.
  • To identify and characterize novel instabilities beyond the conventional Dyakonov-Shur instability.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of hydrodynamic equations in 2D and 3D systems.
  • Application of Dyakonov-Shur boundary conditions.
  • Inclusion of a temperature boundary condition.
  • Investigation of electron quasiparticle behavior and energy currents.

Main Results:

  • Identified two types of hydrodynamic instabilities: Dyakonov-Shur instability and entropy wave instability.
  • Entropy wave instability arises from the relativisticlike nature of electron quasiparticles and energy currents.
  • These instabilities occur for opposite directions of fluid flow.
  • Dyakonov-Shur instability depends on plasma frequency (3D) or system size (2D).
  • Entropy wave instability frequency is tunable by system size and flow velocity.

Conclusions:

  • Entropy wave instability is a new phenomenon in relativisticlike systems, distinct from plasmon instabilities.
  • The findings highlight the importance of electron quasiparticle properties and energy transport in driving instabilities.
  • Tunability of entropy wave instability offers potential for controlling electron dynamics in novel electronic devices.