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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Peroxisomes and Mitochondria01:30

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Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells
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Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells

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Mitochondria-More than just ATP for CTLs.

Jonathan S Maltzman1

  • 1Stanford University and Palo Alto VA Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.

Science Immunology
|November 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cytotoxic T cells need mitochondrial protein synthesis for sustained killing activity. This discovery highlights a key metabolic requirement for effective cellular immunity.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are crucial for adaptive immunity.
  • CTLs eliminate infected or cancerous cells through targeted cytotoxicity.
  • The metabolic demands of sustained CTL function are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of mitochondrial protein synthesis in the prolonged cytotoxic activity of T cells.
  • To determine if inhibiting mitochondrial protein synthesis affects T cell killing capacity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized pharmacological inhibitors targeting mitochondrial protein synthesis in activated human CTLs.
  • Assessed T cell cytotoxicity against target cells over extended periods.
  • Measured mitochondrial protein synthesis rates and overall T cell viability.

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Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Na&#239;ve and Effector CD8 T Cells
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Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

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Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells
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Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

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Last Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells
06:22

Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells

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Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Na&#239;ve and Effector CD8 T Cells
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Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

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Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

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Main Results:

  • Prolonged cytotoxic activity of T cells was dependent on ongoing protein synthesis within mitochondria.
  • Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis significantly impaired the sustained killing function of CTLs.
  • Mitochondrial function and T cell viability remained largely unaffected in the short term.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial protein synthesis is essential for the long-term effector function of cytotoxic T cells.
  • Targeting mitochondrial pathways could represent a novel strategy in immunotherapy.
  • This finding reveals a critical metabolic vulnerability in cytotoxic T cell function.