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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

4.7K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

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Large thyroid nodules: should size alone matter?

Joyce Zhi'en Tang1, Jasmine Ming Er Chua2, Tian Kai Woon2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. joyce.tang.z.e@singhealth.com.sg.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|November 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Large thyroid nodules (≥4 cm) have similar malignancy rates to smaller ones, with a low false negative rate for fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Individualized management is recommended over routine surgery for these larger nodules.

Keywords:
CytologyHistopathologyThyroid cancerThyroid nodulesUltrasound-guided fine needle aspiration

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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Management of large thyroid nodules (≥4 cm) is debated due to unclear malignancy prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).
  • Some suggest routine excision of large nodules due to potential high false negative rates (FNR) of FNAC.
  • This study investigates FNAC accuracy, malignancy rates, and characteristics of large thyroid nodules with false negative cytology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for thyroid nodules ≥4 cm.
  • To compare the prevalence of malignancy in large nodules (≥4 cm) versus smaller nodules (<4 cm).
  • To identify clinical and ultrasound features associated with false negative FNAC results in large thyroid nodules.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of thyroid nodules subjected to Ultrasound (US)-guided FNAC.
  • Analysis of patient demographics, US features, cytology findings, and surgical histology.
  • Calculation of sensitivity, specificity, and FNR; univariate and multivariate analyses for predictors of FNR.

Main Results:

  • Malignancy rates were similar for nodules ≥4 cm and <4 cm.
  • For nodules ≥4 cm, FNAC sensitivity was 40%, specificity 100%, and FNR 6.6% (vs. 4.2% for nodules <4 cm).
  • Male gender was an independent predictor of FNR in nodules ≥4 cm.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid nodules ≥4 cm show similar malignancy rates to smaller nodules, with a low FNAC FNR of 6.6%.
  • Routine surgical excision of large thyroid nodules is not universally indicated.
  • Management should be individualized based on clinical, sonographic, and cytological features.