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Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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Nursing management for a patient with arteriosclerosis involves a comprehensive approach focusing on lifestyle modification, disease monitoring, education, and symptomatic care. Here is an overview of effective nursing strategies:Assessment and Monitoring: Initial and ongoing assessments are crucial. Nurses must document the patient's medical history, including any hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other cardiovascular diseases. Assessments also cover family history and lifestyle...
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
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[Cryptogenic stroke management : where are we ?]

P Aubry1, F Hamidouche2, A Alqudwa2

  • 1Service de cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse; Département de cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude-Bernard, 75018 Paris.

Annales De Cardiologie Et D'Angeiologie
|November 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embolic stroke of undetermined source remains a complex diagnosis. Identifying the exact cause, like atherosclerosis over covert atrial fibrillation, requires further research and cardiologist involvement for better patient treatment.

Keywords:
accident vasculaire cérébral cryptogéniqueaccident vasculaire cérébral embolique de cause indéterminéeatherosclerosisathéroscléroseatrial fibrillationcryptogenic strokeembolic stroke of undetermined sourcefibrillation auriculaireforamen ovale perméablepatent foramen ovalethromboemboliethromboembolism

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Cardiology
  • Stroke Medicine

Background:

  • Cryptogenic stroke is an outdated term for ischemic stroke without a clear cause.
  • Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) was introduced for non-lacunar strokes with likely thromboembolic mechanisms.
  • The ESUS subgroup is heterogeneous, with multiple potential embolic causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the heterogeneity of ESUS.
  • To contrast the prevalence of covert atrial fibrillation versus intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis in ESUS.
  • To emphasize the role of cardiologists in diagnosing ESUS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cryptogenic stroke and ESUS.
  • Analysis of potential embolic causes, including atrial fibrillation and atherosclerosis.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches and the neurologist-cardiologist collaboration.

Main Results:

  • Covert atrial fibrillation is less frequently the cause of ESUS than initially anticipated.
  • Intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis are more significant contributors to ESUS.
  • The heterogeneity of ESUS necessitates a broad diagnostic approach.

Conclusions:

  • ESUS is a complex condition with diverse underlying etiologies.
  • Cardiologists play a crucial role in the etiological workup of ischemic stroke.
  • Further research is needed to personalize treatments for ESUS patients.