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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Thyroid disorders associated with immune control point inhibitors.

Enzamaria Fidilio1, Elena Navarro-González2, Ana R Romero-Lluch2

  • 1Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.

Endocrinologia, Diabetes Y Nutricion
|November 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) can cause thyroid dysfunction (TD) in cancer patients. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism occur, with TD appearing earlier in patients receiving double ICPI therapy.

Keywords:
Disfunción tiroideaHipertiroidismoHipotiroidismoHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismImmune checkpoint inhibitorsInhibidores de puntos de control inmunitarioIpilimumabNivolumabPembrolizumabThyroid dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) enhance anti-tumor responses but can cause immune-related adverse events.
  • Thyroid dysfunction (TD) is a frequent endocrine complication of ICPI therapy.
  • Understanding TD presentation and course is crucial for managing cancer patients on ICPI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the clinical presentation and evolution of thyroid dysfunction in cancer patients treated with ICPI.
  • To analyze the timing and types of TD based on ICPI regimen (monotherapy vs. double therapy).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, multicenter study involving 120 cancer patients with TD associated with ICPI.
  • Data collected from six Spanish hospitals.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation, analytical alterations, and treatment course.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid dysfunction occurred with similar frequency as hypothyroidism (49%) and hyperthyroidism (51%).
  • TD onset was earlier in patients receiving double ICPI therapy compared to monotherapy.
  • 80% of patients experienced a shift in thyroid function during follow-up, often from hyperthyroidism to hypothyroidism.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is a common adverse event in patients treated with ICPI, presenting as both hypo- and hyperthyroidism.
  • Earlier detection of TD is associated with a higher prevalence of hyperthyroidism.
  • The distinct presentation of TD in double ICPI therapy necessitates adjusted monitoring protocols.