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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development
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Primary Cilia and Centrosomes in Neocortex Development.

Michaela Wilsch-Bräuninger1, Wieland B Huttner1

  • 1Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|November 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary cilia and centrosomes are crucial for neural stem cell division and neocortex development. Their dual role in mitosis and cell signaling ensures proper brain size and structure, with defects leading to malformations.

Keywords:
centrosomeciliamicrocephalyneocortical developmentneural progenitorradial glia cellsspindle orientation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian neocortex development relies on neural stem and progenitor cells generating neurons.
  • The number of neurons and neocortical cytoarchitecture depend on progenitor cell proliferation and division modes.
  • Mitotic spindle orientation is critical for regulating progenitor cell division during neocortical development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of primary cilia and centrosomes in mammalian neocortical development.
  • To highlight the dual function of the mother centriole in mitosis and primary cilia formation.
  • To discuss the involvement of these organelles in progenitor cell fate and proliferation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on primary cilia, centrosomes, and neocortical development.
  • Focus on apical progenitor cells in the ventricular zone.
  • Discussion of interactions with cytoskeleton and junctional complexes.

Main Results:

  • Primary cilia and centrosomes, particularly the mother centriole, play pivotal roles in regulating progenitor cell division and fate.
  • These organelles interact with cytoskeletal components and junctional complexes.
  • Evidence suggests primary cilia and centrosomes are essential for basal progenitors, crucial for neocortex expansion.

Conclusions:

  • Both primary cilia and centrosomes are necessary for forming a properly sized and functioning neocortex.
  • Defects in these organelles are linked to human neocortical malformations like microcephaly.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insight into brain development and disease.