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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Organization of Smooth Muscles01:13

Structure and Organization of Smooth Muscles

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Smooth muscle tissue is a type of muscle tissue that can be found lining various vital organs in the human body, including the lungs, blood vessels, digestive tract, and respiratory tract. This type of tissue is responsible for regulating the movements of these organs, playing crucial roles in the functioning of various systems, including the vascular, digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems.
Structure of smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped with tapering ends and a...
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Overview of Skeletal Muscle01:15

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Skeletal muscles are composed of a bundle of muscle fibers and are attached to bones through tendons. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single muscle cell. The sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell, consists of a lipid bilayer and glycocalyx that supports muscle fibers. The sarcolemma extends into the muscle cells to form tubular structures called transverse or T-tubules. Each side of the T-tubules consists of a membrane-bound structure called the sarcoplasmic reticulum,...
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Functions of Smooth Muscles01:23

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Smooth muscles are an important type of muscle tissue that plays a vital role in the involuntary movements of internal organs. For example, they help regulate the movement of food through the gut and the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
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The connective tissues play a significant role in arranging the muscle fibers into a hierarchical structure that forms a complete muscle. Consider a muscle like the bicep brachii, commonly called the bicep. This muscle comprises thousands of muscle fibers enclosed by a protective layer of connective tissue called the endomysium. The endomysium is primarily composed of reticular fibers, a type of thin collagen fiber. It allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products at the fiber level,...
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Skeletal Muscle Anatomy00:55

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Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. Skeletal muscles pull on tendons, which in turn pull on bones to carry out voluntary movements.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Bioinspired Soft Robot with Incorporated Microelectrodes
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Hierarchically Structured and Scalable Artificial Muscles for Smart Textiles.

Yangyang Peng1, Fengxin Sun1,2, Caiqin Xiao1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed cost-effective, non-toxic viscose yarn artificial muscles. These humidity-driven muscles offer high performance for flexible actuators and smart textiles, overcoming limitations of current technologies.

Keywords:
actuatorsartificial musclesfabric muscleshumidity-responsive materialssmart textiles

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Textile Engineering
  • Soft Robotics

Background:

  • Fiber-based artificial muscles are promising for flexible actuators but face challenges like high cost, toxicity, and complex manufacturing.
  • Existing artificial muscles often have limited deformation and require harsh stimulation, hindering practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a facile processing strategy for creating high-performance, cost-effective, and non-toxic artificial muscles from commercially available fibers.
  • To investigate the mechanism behind the actuation performance and scale up the technology to fabric-level actuators.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-scale processing strategy was employed to convert commercially available viscose fibers into yarn artificial muscles.
  • Theoretical modeling and microstructure characterization were used to understand the actuation mechanism.
  • Textile technologies were integrated to scale up yarn muscles into fabric muscles.

Main Results:

  • The developed yarn artificial muscles exhibit fast response and humidity-driven actuation, achieving a torsional stroke of 1752° cm⁻¹ and rotation speeds up to 2100 rpm.
  • Performance is comparable to carbon-based composite artificial muscles.
  • Scaled-up fabric muscles demonstrate diverse deformations without complex systems or designs.

Conclusions:

  • A facile and scalable method for producing high-performance artificial muscles from non-toxic viscose fibers has been established.
  • These artificial muscles offer a viable alternative for applications in smart textiles and intelligent systems.
  • The study overcomes key limitations of current artificial muscle technologies, paving the way for broader engineering adoption.