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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

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Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins
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Published on: August 26, 2012

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TOP2B's contributions to transcription.

Caroline A Austin1, Ian G Cowell1, Mushtaq M Khazeem1

  • 1Biosciences Institute, The Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|November 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

DNA topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B) is crucial for regulating transcription, especially for long genes. Its absence disrupts the expression of many developmentally regulated genes, highlighting its essential role in gene regulation.

Keywords:
DNA topoisomerasesprotein interactionstranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transcription is a complex process involving multiprotein complexes within chromatin.
  • DNA topoisomerases modulate DNA topology during transcription by transiently breaking and rejoining DNA strands.
  • DNA topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B) is one of six mammalian topoisomerases with a significant role in gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of DNA topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B) in transcription.
  • To identify proteins interacting with TOP2B in the context of transcription regulation.
  • To explore the impact of TOP2B absence on gene expression, particularly for long genes.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical studies to identify TOP2B-interacting proteins during ligand-regulated transcription.
  • Analysis of public protein-protein interaction databases (e.g., BioGrid, IntAct).
  • Comparison of publicly available ChIP-seq datasets to determine protein-DNA interaction sites.

Main Results:

  • TOP2B interacts with PARP1, PRKDC, XRCC5, and XRCC6 during ligand-regulated transcription.
  • Interactions with transcriptional regulators like TRIM28 and chromosome organization proteins like CTCF and RAD21 were confirmed via database analysis.
  • Absence of TOP2B significantly alters transcription, with long genes being particularly affected.

Conclusions:

  • TOP2B plays a critical role in regulating the transcription of developmentally important genes, especially long ones.
  • TOP2B interacts with a network of proteins involved in transcription, DNA repair, and chromosome organization.
  • Publicly available interaction and sequencing datasets are valuable resources for advancing models of TOP2B function in transcription.