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Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Production of Tissue Microarrays, Immunohistochemistry Staining and Digitalization Within the Human Protein Atlas
Published on: May 31, 2012
Anatomical structures, cell types and biomarkers of the Human Reference Atlas
Katy Börner1, Sarah A Teichmann2, Ellen M Quardokus3
1Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. katy@indiana.edu.
None:
The Human Reference Atlas (HRA) aims to map all of the cells of the human body to advance biomedical research and clinical practice. This Perspective presents collaborative work by members of 16 international consortia on two essential and interlinked parts of the HRA: (1) three-dimensional representations of anatomy that are linked to (2) tables that name and interlink major anatomical structures, cell types, plus biomarkers (ASCT+B). We discuss four examples that demonstrate the practical utility of the HRA.
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