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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Introduction to Chemical Bonds01:01

Introduction to Chemical Bonds

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Chemical Bonds
The electrons of the outermost energy level determine the energetic stability of the atom and its tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. The innermost electron shell has a maximum capacity of two electrons, but the next two electron shells can each have a maximum of eight electrons. This is known as the octet rule, which states that, with the exception of the innermost shell, atoms are most stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell, the...
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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
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Triel bonds within anion···anion complexes.

Mariusz Michalczyk1, Wiktor Zierkiewicz1, Rafał Wysokiński1

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland. mariusz.michalczyk@pwr.edu.pl.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|November 9, 2021
PubMed
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Two anions of triel-halogen compounds (TrX4-) form stable complexes in water through triel bonds, unlike in the gas phase. These interactions, particularly with TrF4-, show significant binding energies, influenced by electrostatic and polarization effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Investigating anion-anion interactions is crucial for understanding chemical bonding and molecular assembly.
  • Triel atoms (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl) and halogens (F, Cl, Br) form anionic species with unique electronic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the interaction between two TrX4- anions in both gas and aqueous phases.
  • To characterize the nature and strength of the bonding interactions, specifically triel bonds.

Main Methods:

  • Computational modeling was employed to simulate TrX4- homodimers.
  • Analysis of interaction energies, electrostatic potentials, and polarization effects was performed.

Main Results:

  • No stable complexes were observed for TrX4- homodimers in the gas phase.
  • In aqueous solution, stable complexes are formed via Tr⋯X triel bonds and X⋯X interactions.
  • TrF4- homodimers exhibit strong interactions, with energies exceeding 30 kcal mol-1.
  • Binding energies vary significantly, with some interactions being only weakly exothermic.
  • Repulsive electrostatic forces are mitigated by substantial polarization energies.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent effects, particularly water, play a critical role in stabilizing anion-anion interactions.
  • Triel bonds are a significant factor in the assembly of TrX4- homodimers in solution.
  • The strength of these interactions is tunable based on the specific triel and halogen atoms involved.