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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)–Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level

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Enhancing Interface Reactions by Introducing Microbubbles into a Plasma Treatment Process for Efficient Decomposition

Han Zhang¹, Pan Li², Ai Zhang¹

¹College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China.

Environmental Science & Technology

|November 9, 2021

Summary

This study shows nonthermal plasma technology effectively degrades perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water. Microbubbles enhance the process, achieving high removal rates and defluorination for cleaner water.

Keywords:

PFOA enrichment PFOA removal degradation mechanisms interface reactions microbubbles

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Implementation of a Hyperbolic Vortex Plasma Reactor for the Removal of Micropollutants in Water

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Published on: July 25, 2025

Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Water Treatment Technologies
Plasma Science

Background:

Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS) are persistent environmental pollutants due to strong C-F bonds.
Efficiently removing perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from contaminated water is a significant environmental challenge.
Conventional treatment methods struggle with the stability of PFOA.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mineralization of high-concentration PFOA using a novel nonthermal plasma reactor.
To evaluate the impact of microbubbles (MBs) with different carrier gases on PFOA degradation efficiency.
To explore the degradation pathways and energy efficiency of the proposed treatment.

Main Methods:

Utilized a needle-plate pulsed discharge reactor integrated with a water jet (NPDW).
Introduced microbubbles (MBs) using air, nitrogen, or argon as carrier gases to enhance interfacial reactions.
Analyzed PFOA removal efficiency, defluorination ratio, and identified transformation products.

Main Results:

Achieved high PFOA removal efficiencies (up to 95.3%) and defluorination ratios (≥50%) within 2 hours.
Microbubbles significantly enhanced PFOA enrichment at the liquid surface and expanded plasma discharge.
Identified degradation mechanisms including decarboxylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, and defluorination; process showed robustness across various water matrices.

Conclusions:

Nonthermal plasma technology with microbubbles offers an effective and environmentally friendly solution for PFOA degradation.
The NPDW reactor demonstrates potential for treating PFOA in diverse real-world water conditions.
Further research into optimizing energy efficiency and understanding byproduct formation is warranted.