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Related Concept Videos

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

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Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Exocrine Glands: Methods of Secretion01:08

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Exocrine glands are those that release their secretions through ducts. Based on their mode of secretion, they can be classified into merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
Merocrine Secretion
Merocrine secretion is the most common type of exocrine secretion. The secretions are enclosed in vesicles and moved to the cell's apical surface, where the contents are released by exocytosis. For example, mucous, a watery secretion rich in the glycoprotein mucin, is a merocrine secretion. The eccrine...
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Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Exocrine Glands: Types of Secretions01:13

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Exocrine glands produce and release a variety of glandular products. Exocrine glands can be classified into serous, mucous, or mixed types based on their secretory products.
Serous glands produce watery secretions rich in digestive enzymes and proteins. The constituent cells of the serous gland have centrally located nuclei and eosinophilic secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The parotid gland is an example of a serous gland. It secretes saliva, which contains enzymes, such as lipases and...
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition
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A binary effector module secreted by a type VI secretion system.

Yasmin Dar1, Biswanath Jana1, Eran Bosis2

  • 1Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

EMBO Reports
|November 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Gram-negative bacteria utilize a new type VI secretion system (T6SS) mechanism for protein delivery. This "binary effector module" involves effectors and co-effectors secreted together, common in marine bacteria.

Keywords:
AntibacterialImmunityT6SSToxinVibrio

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Gram-negative bacteria employ type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) to translocate effector proteins into target cells.
  • Conventional T6SS secretion involves effectors binding noncovalently to the apparatus, sometimes with non-secreted adaptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a novel secretion mechanism in T6SS.
  • To identify and characterize a new effector-co-effector secretion strategy.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of a novel periplasm-targeting effector and its associated co-effector.
  • Analysis of protein interactions between the effector and co-effector.
  • Investigation of secretion dependency between the identified components.

Main Results:

  • A new T6SS secretion mechanism, termed 'binary effector module,' was discovered.
  • The module involves a periplasm-targeting effector secreted in complex with a MIX domain-containing co-effector.
  • The effector and co-effector exhibit direct interaction and mutual secretion dependence.

Conclusions:

  • This study reveals a novel co-secretion mechanism for T6SS effectors.
  • The binary effector module is prevalent in marine bacterial species.
  • This finding expands our understanding of bacterial protein secretion diversity.