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Related Concept Videos

The Central Dogma01:25

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Giving translation a hand.

Ethan C Strayer1, Valerie A Tornini1, Antonio J Giraldez2

  • 1Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.

Developmental Cell
|November 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cellular identity is defined by gene expression. A study reveals a global translation factor subunit selectively controls specific transcripts, modulating morphogen signaling and developmental processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cellular identity is traditionally defined by transcriptomic profiles, reflecting gene expression levels.
  • Understanding the regulation of gene expression beyond transcription is crucial for developmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of global translation factors in transcript-specific regulation.
  • To elucidate mechanisms controlling morphogen signaling levels during development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of global translation factor subunit activity.
  • Investigating differential effects on specific transcripts.
  • Assessing modulation of morphogen signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • A global translation factor subunit exhibits differential activity on various transcripts.
  • This differential activity leads to the modulation of morphogen signaling levels.
  • A novel mechanism of transcript-specific translational control in development is revealed.

Conclusions:

  • Global translation factors play a critical role in fine-tuning gene expression at the translational level.
  • Transcript-specific translational control is a key mechanism governing developmental processes.
  • This finding redefines aspects of cellular identity and developmental regulation.