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Related Concept Videos

Migration00:53

Migration

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Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Mate Choice01:20

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Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent populations from going extinct.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike Lanius Ludovicianus Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern
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Modelling migration in birds: competition's role in maintaining individual variation.

D W Kikuchi1, K Reinhold1

  • 1Evolutionary Biology Department, Universität Bielefeld, Konsequenz 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|November 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Competition can maintain diverse animal behaviors, like bird migration timing. When resources are unequal or competition has low risk, varied strategies, such as different return dates, are more likely to persist.

Keywords:
competitionindividual variationpersonalityrisk-takingseasonality

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Intraspecific variation in animal behavior is common but its causes are not fully understood.
  • Understanding the maintenance of multiple behavioral strategies is crucial for evolutionary studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conditions under which competition maintains multiple behavioral strategies.
  • To model the timing of bird migration as a case study for behavioral variation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a simulation model to explore behavioral strategy maintenance.
  • Analyzed stable sets of return dates for migrating birds.
  • Examined the impact of territory quality and fitness penalties on strategy diversity.

Main Results:

  • Stable sets of migration return dates were identified through simulations.
  • Greatest individual variation occurred when a small proportion of permanent residents was favored.
  • When year-round residency was disadvantageous, continuous variation in return dates emerged, inversely related to fitness risks and positively related to territory inequality.

Conclusions:

  • Competition can lead to the maintenance of diverse behavioral strategies.
  • The diversity of strategies is influenced by the balance between competition benefits and risks, and resource distribution.
  • Findings are applicable to various systems where competition drives strategy variation.