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Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Overview
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Inflammatory Response01:28

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

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Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
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Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay
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Perforin, COVID-19 and a possible pathogenic auto-inflammatory feedback loop.

Louise Cunningham1, Ian Kimber2, David Basketter3

  • 1St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.

Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
|November 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Reduced natural killer (NK) cell function in COVID-19 impairs viral clearance and immunity. This study links perforin expression to COVID-19 resistance and explores a pathogenic auto-inflammatory loop.

Keywords:
COVIDauto‐inflammatorycytokine stormhaemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosisinterleukin‐6natural killer cellperforin

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • COVID-19 infection impairs natural killer (NK) cell function, leading to immune dysregulation.
  • This dysfunction involves cytokine overproduction, elevated neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and monocytosis.
  • Increased IL-6 expression exacerbates NK cell impairment via perforin downregulation, creating an auto-inflammatory loop.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between perforin expression and resistance to COVID-19.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of a pathogenic auto-inflammatory feedback loop in COVID-19.
  • To explore the link between this loop and genes implicated in severe COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Epidemiological analysis to assess perforin expression and COVID-19 resistance.
  • Modeling of the auto-inflammatory feedback loop.
  • Correlation analysis with genetic factors for severe COVID-19.

Main Results:

  • Epidemiological data suggest a positive association between perforin expression and COVID-19 resistance.
  • A pathogenic auto-inflammatory feedback loop involving IL-6 and NK cell function was outlined.
  • The loop's relationship to genes associated with severe COVID-19 was identified.

Conclusions:

  • Perforin expression may play a role in COVID-19 resistance.
  • The identified auto-inflammatory loop offers insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis.
  • Targeting this loop with multimodal therapy could be a potential therapeutic strategy.