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Related Concept Videos

Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viruses of Archaea

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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Potato Virus X-Based microRNA Silencing VbMS In Potato.
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Evolution of Potato virus X.

Mei He1, Cheng-Qiang He1, Nai-Zheng Ding1

  • 1College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
|November 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Potato virus X (PVX) evolution was studied using coat protein gene sequences. This analysis revealed PVX expansion in the 20th century and insights into its molecular epidemiology and host interactions.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Potato virus X (PVX) is an economically significant potexvirus affecting solanaceous plants globally.
  • PVX isolates are classified into two genotypes (I and II) based on their coat protein (CP) gene.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular epidemiology and evolution of PVX.
  • To analyze recombination events and evolutionary rates within the PVX CP gene.
  • To understand PVX codon usage bias and its relationship with host plants.

Main Methods:

  • Recombination analyses were performed on PVX CP gene sequences.
  • Bayesian coalescent methods were applied to time-stamped CP sequences.
  • Codon usage variation and dinucleotide frequencies were surveyed.
Keywords:
Codon usage biasDinucleotideDivergencePVXRecombination

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Direct Agroinoculation of Maize Seedlings by Injection with Recombinant Foxtail Mosaic Virus and Sugarcane Mosaic Virus Infectious Clones
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Last Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Potato Virus X-Based microRNA Silencing VbMS In Potato.
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Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana
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Main Results:

  • Significant recombination signals were detected in PVX.
  • PVX subtype I-1 expanded globally in the 20th century with a moderate evolutionary rate.
  • PVX exhibits unique codon usage bias, differing from and similar to its hosts (potato, tobacco, tomato), with suppressed CpG and UpA dinucleotides.

Conclusions:

  • The study proposes a divergence scenario for PVX based on CP phylogenies.
  • PVX evolution is characterized by recombination and specific codon usage patterns.
  • Understanding PVX molecular epidemiology and host interactions is crucial for disease management.