Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores02:26

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

27.9K
Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
27.9K
Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

7.4K
Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
7.4K
Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

6.0K
The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
6.0K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

1.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
1.6K
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

118.7K
Overview
118.7K
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

78.1K
Overview
78.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Complex effects of climatic variation on bumblebee queen fitness.

The Journal of animal ecology·2025
Same author

RNA viruses of Crithidia bombi, a parasite of bumblebees.

Journal of invertebrate pathology·2023
Same author

Genetic variation and microbiota in bumble bees cross-infected by different strains of C. bombi.

PloS one·2022
Same author

Impact of climate change on parasite infection of an important pollinator depends on host genotypes.

Global change biology·2022
Same author

Sociality and parasite transmission.

Behavioral ecology and sociobiology·2021
Same author

Bee Parasites: Don't Lose Your Flagellum.

Current biology : CB·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants
08:10

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants

Published on: October 12, 2018

11.5K

Function and mechanisms in defence strategies.

Paul Schmid-Hempel1

  • 1ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.

Current Opinion in Insect Science
|November 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding defense strategies requires linking immunological defense mechanisms to their evolutionary fitness contributions. This approach helps identify optimal defense strategies by analyzing costs and benefits in specific environments.

More Related Videos

Live-cell Imaging of Fungal Cells to Investigate Modes of Entry and Subcellular Localization of Antifungal Plant Defensins
08:39

Live-cell Imaging of Fungal Cells to Investigate Modes of Entry and Subcellular Localization of Antifungal Plant Defensins

Published on: December 24, 2017

7.2K
Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
10:07

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

24.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 13, 2025

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants
08:10

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants

Published on: October 12, 2018

11.5K
Live-cell Imaging of Fungal Cells to Investigate Modes of Entry and Subcellular Localization of Antifungal Plant Defensins
08:39

Live-cell Imaging of Fungal Cells to Investigate Modes of Entry and Subcellular Localization of Antifungal Plant Defensins

Published on: December 24, 2017

7.2K
Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
10:07

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

24.2K

Area of Science:

  • Integrates immunology and evolutionary ecology.
  • Focuses on the functional significance of defense mechanisms.

Background:

  • Defense mechanisms are crucial for survival.
  • Their link to fitness is often discussed separately in immunology and evolutionary ecology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To connect immunology and evolutionary ecology for a comprehensive understanding of defense strategies.
  • To analyze the fitness costs and benefits associated with defense mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes the concepts of the 'defense chart' and 'disease space'.
  • Employs different approaches to bridge immunological and ecological perspectives.

Main Results:

  • Provides a framework for linking defense mechanisms to fitness.
  • Enables the evaluation of costs and benefits of existing defense strategies.

Conclusions:

  • The defense chart and disease space concepts facilitate a unified understanding.
  • This integrated approach aids in identifying optimal defense strategies for specific environments.