Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

7.8K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
7.8K
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

2.1K
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
2.1K
Vision01:24

Vision

56.1K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
56.1K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

875
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
875
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

2.3K
The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
2.3K
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

1.1K
Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comparison of eyes with shallow vs. non-shallow anterior chambers undergoing cataract surgery: a multicenter study.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

The choroidal macrophage polarization significantly influences myopia development in murine models.

iScience·2026
Same author

Near work affects ocular higher order aberrations in children-a longitudinal study before and after COVID-19: The Tokyo Myopia Study.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Violet light-transmitting intraocular lens increases choroidal thickness: 1-year prospective, randomised controlled trial.

BMJ open ophthalmology·2025
Same author

IMI: The Role of Light in Refractive Development and Myopia: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2025
Same author

An analysis of light that reaches the eye surface in an outdoor environment.

Scientific reports·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation
10:41

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Published on: March 25, 2011

12.9K

[Multi-Functionality of Eyes: Visual and Non-Visual Roles].

Kazuo Tsubota1, Hidemasa Torii, Toshihide Kurihara

  • 1Tsubota Laboratory, Inc.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|November 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Discover the crucial roles of non-visual photoreceptors in the human eye. Beyond sight, these specialized cells, including melanopsin (OPN4) and neuropsin (OPN5), regulate circadian rhythms and prevent myopia.

More Related Videos

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

4.6K
Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

594

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 13, 2025

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation
10:41

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Published on: March 25, 2011

12.9K
Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

4.6K
Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

594

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Humans possess nine photoreceptor types.
  • Only four (OPN1, OPN2) are traditionally linked to vision.
  • Five photoreceptors have non-visual functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the significance of non-visual photoreceptors.
  • To highlight the roles of OPN4 (melanopsin) and OPN5 (neuropsin).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review
  • Analysis of existing research on photoreceptor function

Main Results:

  • Melanopsin (OPN4) regulates the body's circadian rhythm.
  • Neuropsin (OPN5) plays a key role in preventing myopia.
  • Non-visual photoreceptors have critical physiological functions beyond sight.

Conclusions:

  • Non-visual photoreceptors are vital for maintaining health.
  • Understanding these photoreceptors opens new avenues for treating circadian rhythm disorders and myopia.