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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery
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Modeling principles of protective thyroid blocking.

Alexis Rump1, Stefan Eder1, Cornelius Hermann1

  • 1Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr, München, Germany.

International Journal of Radiation Biology
|November 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stable iodine (I-131) can protect the thyroid from radioactive iodine exposure by blocking uptake. Newer models better simulate these protective effects and other blocking agents like perchlorate.

Keywords:
Medical NRBC-protectioniodine blockadenuclear and radiological emergencyperchlorateradioiodinethyroidal protection modeling

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear medicine
  • Radiological protection
  • Pharmacokinetics

Background:

  • Radioiodine exposure poses a cancer risk due to thyroid accumulation.
  • Stable iodine administration ('thyroid blocking') can mitigate this risk.
  • Existing biokinetic models are inadequate for high-dose iodine kinetics and protective mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate biokinetic models for radioiodine thyroid blocking.
  • To assess models simulating competition and the Wolff-Chaikoff effect.
  • To compare the efficacy of stable iodine and other agents like perchlorate.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing and novel biokinetic models for radioiodine.
  • Modeling of carrier-mediated uptake using Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
  • Simulation of the Wolff-Chaikoff effect and competitive inhibition.
  • Comparison of model capabilities in predicting radioiodine accumulation under various blocking scenarios.

Main Results:

  • First-order kinetic models are insufficient for high-dose iodine and protective mechanisms.
  • Newer models incorporating Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the Wolff-Chaikoff effect provide better mechanistic insights.
  • These advanced models allow simulation of complex exposure scenarios and repetitive stable iodine administration.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced models are crucial for accurately simulating radioiodine thyroid blocking.
  • These models enable quantitative assessment of stable iodine and perchlorate efficacy.
  • Improved modeling facilitates optimized protective strategies against radioiodine exposure.