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A Single-Channel and Non-Invasive Wearable Brain-Computer Interface for Industry and Healthcare

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Brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEP): a literature review.

Víctor Martínez-Cagigal^1,2, Jordy Thielen³, Eduardo Santamaría-Vázquez^1,2

¹Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Paseo de Belén, 15, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.

Journal of Neural Engineering

|November 11, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEP) offer robust, non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for high-speed communication. Future research should focus on portable, real-world applications and address challenges like asynchrony and unsupervised training for reliable BCIs.

Keywords:

brain–computer interface (BCI)code-modulated VEP (c-VEP)electroencephalogram (EEG)literature review visual evoked potential (VEP)

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomedical Engineering
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEP) are increasingly utilized for non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs).
Recent years have seen an exponential rise in research publications concerning c-VEP-based BCIs.
This review synthesizes existing literature from 1984 to 2021.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of c-VEP-based BCI research.
To understand the evolution and current state of c-VEP BCI technology.
To identify future research directions for advancing c-VEP BCI development.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
Inclusion of journal manuscripts, conference papers, book chapters, and non-indexed documents.
Analysis of 70 selected studies focusing on c-VEP BCI characteristics and design choices.

Main Results:

Current c-VEP BCIs demonstrate accurate control, numerous commands, and high selection speeds, often without calibration.
A notable gap exists in real-world validation, particularly with disabled populations.
Key areas for future development include self-paced, portable BCIs for real-world use.

Conclusions:

This is the first comprehensive literature review on c-VEP-based BCIs.
Advances in c-VEP BCIs enable accurate and high-speed communication.
Future research should prioritize real-world applicability, addressing asynchrony, unsupervised training, and code optimization for plug-and-play systems.