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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors01:27

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Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations. These sensations typically occur during periods of rest or inactivity, particularly when lying down or sitting, and can severely disrupt sleep.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder01:30

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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When a rigid body is hanging freely from a fixed pivot point and is displaced, it oscillates similar to a simple pendulum and is known as a physical pendulum. The period and angular frequency of a physical pendulum are obtained by using the small-angle approximation and drawing parallels with a spring-mass system. The small-angle approximation (sinθ=θ) is valid up to about 14°.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor
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Essential tremor.

Thomas Welton1,2, Francisco Cardoso3, Jonathan A Carr4

  • 1Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|November 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Essential tremor (ET), a common movement disorder affecting millions, presents with tremors and non-motor symptoms. Its exact causes and brain mechanisms remain unclear, necessitating further research for better treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Essential tremor (ET) is a prevalent movement disorder affecting over 60 million people globally.
  • The precise definition and underlying pathophysiology of ET are still debated.
  • ET manifests with motor symptoms like tremors, and potentially non-motor features such as cognitive and neuropsychiatric issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Essential Tremor (ET) pathophysiology.
  • To discuss genetic and environmental factors implicated in ET.
  • To highlight current and potential future therapeutic strategies for ET.

Main Methods:

  • Review of post-mortem studies examining structural changes in the cerebellum.
  • Analysis of research on GABAergic dysfunction and brain circuitry in ET.
  • Examination of genetic and environmental risk factors.
  • Overview of current pharmacological and surgical treatments.

Main Results:

  • Structural abnormalities in cerebellar Purkinje cells and related neurons are observed in ET.
  • Evidence suggests GABAergic dysfunction and disrupted cerebellar-thalamic-cortical pathways.
  • Genetic factors contribute significantly to ET risk, though environmental influences are also considered.
  • Propranolol and primidone are common medications; deep brain stimulation and ultrasound thalamotomy are surgical options.

Conclusions:

  • Further research using diverse models (post-mortem, animal, cell-based) is crucial for uncovering ET's pathophysiology.
  • Advances in omics and machine learning hold promise for developing precision medicine approaches.
  • Identifying new therapeutic targets is essential for improving patient outcomes in Essential Tremor.