Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels01:09

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels

5.9K
In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an α-helix or β-strand structure. α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas β-strand containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins
Multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as...
5.9K
Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation

3.4K
Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with...
3.4K
Fluid Mosaic Model01:19

Fluid Mosaic Model

13.9K
Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich...
13.9K
Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

3.0K
The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
Membrane bending can happen due to intrinsic changes in lipid composition or extrinsic association with different proteins. The proteins involved...
3.0K
Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

14.0K
Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a...
14.0K
The Fluid Mosaic Model01:34

The Fluid Mosaic Model

164.1K
The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
164.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nanotechnology-Driven Drug-Delivery Systems: Mechanistic Insights for Pediatric Autism Treatment in 2026.

International journal of nanomedicine·2026
Same author

Binding of ApoE Isoforms to Aβ Peptides and Effects on Their Fibrillization.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Exploring <i>Cuscuta epithymum's</i> Effect on Neuroinflammation, Tyrosine Kinase Activity and Macrophage Counts in Spleen and Liver: Revealing Their Roles in Stress Responses.

Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin·2025
Same author

Ginsenoside Rg3-encapsulated pegylated niosomes exhibit multimodal therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Delivery of GRg3 via alginate/PLGA nanoparticles: physicochemical, cellular, and <i>in vivo</i> biocompatibility assessments.

Drug development and industrial pharmacy·2025
Same author

LL-37 and Its Truncated Fragments Modulate Amyloid-β Dynamics, Aggregation and Toxicity Through Hetero-Oligomer and Cluster Formation.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Native Cell Membrane Nanoparticles System for Membrane Protein-Protein Interaction Analysis
07:31

Native Cell Membrane Nanoparticles System for Membrane Protein-Protein Interaction Analysis

Published on: July 16, 2020

6.2K

Membrane Molecular Interactions and Induced Structures of CPPs.

Fatemeh Madani1, Astrid Gräslund2

  • 1BioLamina, Stockholm, Sweden. fatemeh.madanikaviani@gmail.com.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) facilitate drug delivery by crossing cell membranes. Biophysical methods help elucidate CPP mechanisms for improved therapeutic design.

Keywords:
Calcein leakageCircular dichroismDynamic light scatteringFluorescence spectroscopyMembrane perturbationNuclear magnetic resonancePhospholipid large unilamellar vesicle

More Related Videos

Fluorescent Leakage Assay to Investigate Membrane Destabilization by Cell-Penetrating Peptide
07:33

Fluorescent Leakage Assay to Investigate Membrane Destabilization by Cell-Penetrating Peptide

Published on: December 19, 2020

6.7K
PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
10:58

PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

Published on: July 27, 2017

9.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Native Cell Membrane Nanoparticles System for Membrane Protein-Protein Interaction Analysis
07:31

Native Cell Membrane Nanoparticles System for Membrane Protein-Protein Interaction Analysis

Published on: July 16, 2020

6.2K
Fluorescent Leakage Assay to Investigate Membrane Destabilization by Cell-Penetrating Peptide
07:33

Fluorescent Leakage Assay to Investigate Membrane Destabilization by Cell-Penetrating Peptide

Published on: December 19, 2020

6.7K
PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
10:58

PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

Published on: July 27, 2017

9.6K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides (5-30 amino acids) that can transport cargo across cell membranes.
  • CPPs are classified as hydrophobic, amphipathic, or hydrophilic based on physicochemical properties.
  • Their potential application in therapeutics for various diseases is significant, particularly in targeted drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand the mechanisms of CPPs' cellular uptake and endosomal escape.
  • To explore how CPP-membrane interactions influence cargo delivery.
  • To guide the design of CPPs for enhanced and selective therapeutic delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of biophysical techniques including fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and NMR.
  • Discussion of membrane model systems such as large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (LUVs), detergent micelles, and bicelles.
  • Application of these methods to study CPP-lipid interactions and cellular entry mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • CPPs interact with cell membranes via direct penetration or endocytosis, with mechanisms dependent on specific conditions.
  • Biophysical methods and model membrane systems are crucial for elucidating these complex interactions.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to optimizing CPP-mediated drug delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating CPP-membrane interaction mechanisms is essential for developing effective CPP-based therapeutics.
  • Biophysical studies using various membrane models provide critical insights into CPP behavior.
  • Further research into CPP mechanisms will enhance their utility in targeted drug delivery and disease treatment.